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Interestingly, unraveling ECM complexity meets one of the fundamental questions for biologists: how to recreate and maintain life outside a living organism (literally ex vivobut commonly referred as in vitro)? So the study of ECM requires the combination of identification and imaging techniques to give a valuable scheme of its composition, organization, and finally function. Moreover, understanding the ECM not only means discovering new molecules but also to unravel their organization in the ECM network. Basic biochemistry techniques have led to the identification of the major components of ECMs such as collagens or laminins, but as the investigations are progressing, this results in the constant growing of the constituent members of collagen and laminin families and in the discovery of new ECM components with unknown functions. Indeed, ECM is made of several high molecular weight proteins, proteoglycans, and polysaccharides molecules self-arranged into fibers and networks difficult to solubilize and individualize. Some lack of knowledge on ECM functions remains mainly because of the challenge represented by its comprehensive study. Again, tissue remodeling, as observed during the healing processes, can release messenger molecules that were entrapped in the ECM, waiting for the right moment to trigger their signal and healing functions. During the development of the embryo, neural crest cells lose their cell-cell adhesion properties toward cell–ECM interactions that allow them to move along the dorsal part of the embryo and reach their specific site of function and give birth to the future skeleton. However, its apparent structural and mechanical properties have hidden more subtle roles of ECM in cell differentiation and function as ECMs are not restricted to load-bearing organs but are present and required in all types of tissues and organs.
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The most known examples of ECM-related tissues are the skin, where ECM act as a barrier against the outside environment, and the bones where ECM is strengthened by a mineral phase which allows the body to stand and to move. The extracellular matrix (ECM) represents this framework for tissues and organs and as such it is an important actor of organisms’ physiology. Multicellular organisms require a framework to delineate functional territories and to provide a shelf where the cells can attach to perform their specific functions. The production of a gold-standard material is possible for a specific biological question, and it might be developed from an intelligible dialogue between material scientists, that bring engineering strategies, and cell biologists who implement the material design to meet the biological process that has to be investigated ex vivo.
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In a second time, we present strategies available to create ex vivo models of ECM and a series of examples of 3D materials that were engineered to investigate cell adhesion, phenotype, and differentiation in a biologically relevant microenvironment. Basic knowledge on ECM composition and organization should inspire material scientists to propose more biologically relevant materials. This chapter presents basic techniques to investigate extracellular matrices composition and organization. The study of ECM enables to culture cells ex vivo, but cultures are restricted to two-dimensional surfaces, whereas in the meantime, material sciences were developing devices able to bring cell culture in a three-dimensional (3D) environment. The study of ECM is challenging and required a combination of identification and imaging techniques to give a valuable scheme of its composition, organization, and finally function.
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The extracellular matrix (ECM) represents the framework of tissues and organs and is involved in cell differentiation and function.